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  During the previous nine lectures, we empirically analyzed the life world of early modern Osaka’s residents with a particular focus on the block association.  As noted in the introduction, the city’s socio-economic structure was organized around the principle of status.  Accordingly, persons of warrior status lived in warrior estates, while religious professionals resided on land under the authority of shrines and temples. Additionally, there were areas reserved for outcaste groups, such as Watanabe Village (also called Yakunin Village), where persons of kawata status lived, and the city’s four hinin enclaves. 

  Furthermore, an analysis of the economic activities of city residents reveals that merchants and artisans residing in Osaka’s commoner districts established a wide array of licensed occupational organizations (kabunakama), which exerted monopoly control over specific trades and livelihoods. Recent scholarship on such organizations includes studies focusing on Osaka’s association of sake brewers and a group of wholesalers selling materials used to produce medicines.*¹  Additional research has focused on organizations of brokers and wholesalers linked to the city’s dried fish and vegetable markets.*²

＊1 Watanabe Sachiko, Kinsei Ōsaka yakushu no torihiki kōzō to shakai shūdan. Seibundō shuppan, 2006;  Yahisa Kenji, “Kinsei Ōsaka sangō shuzō nakama no kōzō,” in Tsukada Takashi and Yoshida Nobuyuki, eds., Kinsei Ōsaka no toshi kūkan to shakai kōzō. Yamakawa shuppansha, 2001;  Yahisa Kenji, “Kinsei Ōsaka no sake naka tsugi nakama to shuzō nakama,” Hisutoria 183, 2003.

＊2 Hara Naofumi, “Ichiba to nakama,” Rekishigaku kenkyū 690, 1996;  Hara Naofumi, “Matsumae ton’ya,” in Yoshida Nobuyuki, ed.,Kinsei no mibunteki shūen 4 akinai no ba to shakai. Tokyo: Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 2000;  Hara Naofumi, “Hakodate sannbutsu kaisho to Ōsaka gyohi ichiba,” in Tsukada Takashi and Yoshida Nobuyuki, eds., Kinsei Ōsaka no toshi kūkan to shakai kōzō,Yamakawa shuppansha, 2001;  Hara Naofumi, “Akinai ga musubu hitobito – jūsō suru nakama to ichiba – ,” in Mibunteki shūen to kinsei shakai 3 akinai ga musubu hitobito. Tokyo: Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 2007;  Yagi Shigeru, “Kinsei Tenma aomono ichiba no kōzō to tenkai,” in Tsukada Takashi, ed., Ōsaka ni okeru toshi no hatten to kōzō. Yamakawa shuppan, 2004;  Yagi Shigeru, “Aomono shōnin,” in Hara Naofumi, ed., Mibunteki shūen to kinsei shakai 3 akinai ga musubu hitobito. Tokyo: Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 2007.

 

  Artisans also formed occupational associations.  In large cities, the presence of warrior estates, shrines, temples, and large merchant houses, combined with demand for comparatively austere back-alley tenements ensured that carpentry guilds were the most common type of early modern occupational association.  Carpentry organizations in Osaka, Kyoto, and the surrounding area (the Kinai) were governed by the Nakai House.  Additionally, low-level assistant construction workers (tetsudai) resembling Edo’s tobi formed their own associations, which were placed under the authority of Shitennō Temple.

  The same is true of unskilled laborers, such as stevedores (nakashi), who formed territorial organizations and associations based on client relationships (deiri kankei) with domainal storehouses.  Storehouses depended upon the city’s stevedore associations in order to transport large amounts of cargo, such as tribute rice.  Together with the servants employed by warrior households and domestic servants*³ hired by merchant households, stevedores and assistant construction workers formed part of Osaka’s day-labor stratum, whose members survived by selling their labor power.  The early modern urban lower class was comprised of two groups: rear tenants, who formed households (ie) and possessed a few assets, and unmarried day laborers, who lacked the economic wherewithal to form their own households. *⁴

＊3 Translator’s note: Domestic servants (daidokorokata hōkōnin) were unskilled laborers who worked to maintain the merchant’s household.

＊4 Yoshida Nobuyuki, “Nihon kinsei toshi kasōshakai no sonritsu kōzō,” Rekishigaku kenkyū, 534, 1984. Later republished in Yoshida Nobuyuki, Kinsei toshi shakai no mibun kōzō. Tōkyō daigaku shuppan kai, 1998.

 

  In early modern Osaka, licensed occupational organizations, such as those mentioned above, were intimately intertwined with the city’s block associations and other urban social groups. In order to elucidate early modern Osaka’s actual structure, it is essential to examine these groups in relation with one another.  For more on this, please refer to the articles included in the March 2012 special issue of City, Culture and Society, which focuses on urban Osaka’s history (CCS 3-1). *⁵

＊5 The articles are:
1.Introduction  The Urban History of Osaka (Takashi Tsukada)
2.Recovering Japan’s Urban Past: Yoshida Nobuyuki, Tsukada Takashi, and the Cities of theTokugawa period (Daniel Botsman)
3.The City of Osaka in the Medieval Period: Religion and the Transportation of Goods in the Uemachi Plateau (Hiroshi Niki)
4.The People Connected with Vegetable Markets (Shigeru Yagi)
5.Stevedores and Stevedores’ Guilds (Tōru Morishita)
6.Town Carpenters and Carpenters’ Groups in Osaka (Naoki Tani)
7.Construction Workers’ Guilds in Early Modern Osaka (Yoshiyuki Taketani)
8.The Traditional City of Osaka and Performers (Yutsuki Kanda)
9.The Hinin and City Neighborhoods of Nineteenth-Century Osaka (Takashi Tsukada)
10.Urban Lower-Class Society in Modern Osaka (Ashita Saga)
11.Poverty, Disease, and Urban Governance in Late Nineteenth-Century Osaka (John Porter)
12.Progressivism Personified: Urban Social Policymaking in Modern Osaka (Jeffrey Hanes)

　以上、近世大坂における都市住民の生活世界を「町」に注目して、史料に即して見てきた。もちろん大坂には、冒頭に記したように町人地以外の武家地や寺社地などに武士身分や宗教者が居住し、あるいはかわた身分の居住する渡辺村（役人村）や非人身分の集住する四ケ所垣外なども存在していた。

　また、町人地においても、都市住民の経済活動に関わる局面では、様々な商工業者などの独占団体である株仲間が組織されていた。株仲間としては、輸入薬種の取引に携わる薬種中買仲間や酒造家の仲間などの新しい研究がなされている（渡辺・屋久）*¹。塩干魚市場や青物市場の取引に関わる問屋や仲買の仲間についても明らかになってきた（原・八木）*²。

＊1　渡辺祥子『近世大坂 薬種の取引構造と社会集団』清文堂出版、2006年。屋久健二「近世大坂三郷酒造仲間の構造」塚田孝・吉田伸之編『近世大坂の都市空間と社会構造』山川出版社、2001年、同「近世大坂の酒仲次仲間と酒造仲間」『ヒストリア』183，2003年。

＊2　原直史「市場と仲間」『歴史学研究』690，1996年、同「松前問屋」吉田伸之編『近世の身分的周縁4　商いの場と社会』吉川弘文館、2000年、同「箱館産物会所と大坂魚肥市場」前掲塚田孝・吉田伸之編『近世大坂の都市空間と社会構造』、同「商いがむすぶ人々－重層する仲間と市場－」同編『身分的周縁と近世社会3 商いがむすぶ人びと』吉川弘文館、2007年。八木滋「近世天満青物市場の構造と展開」塚田孝編『大阪における都市の発展と構造』山川出版社、2004年、同「青物商人」前掲原直史編『身分的周縁と近世社会3 商いがむすぶ人びと』。

 

　職人の仲間も存在していた。武家の屋敷から寺社建築まで、大店の町家建築から裏長屋の簡易な建築まで、大都市において建築需要は特に大きかったが、近世社会で最も広く普遍的な職人は大工だった。畿内の大工は、京都の大工頭中井家の配下に属し、組を形成していた。また、建築補助労働者たる手伝（江戸では鳶に相当か？）も仲間を形成していた。その際、四天王寺の権威の下に結集していた。

　運輸労働を担う仲仕なども地域ごとの結合や、蔵屋敷への出入関係を通じた結合が見られた。仲仕は大量の年貢米などの運搬の必要な蔵屋敷にとって不可欠な存在でもあったのである。なお、仲仕や手伝は、武家奉公人や商家の台所方奉公人などと並ぶ労働力販売を生業とする日用層の一部である。零細とはいえ家と小資本を持つ裏店借層と、家を欠く単身の労働力販売者層たる日用層は、近世都市下層の二大構成部分であった*³。

＊3　吉田伸之「日本近世都市下層社会の存立構造」『歴史学研究』534、1984年（のち同著『近世都市社会の身分構造』東京大学出版会、1998年、所収）

 

　これらの株仲間や職人組織は、都市社会の中で「町」とも、また仲間相互にも複雑に絡み合っていた。近世大坂の実態に迫るには、これらを総体として把握していく必要があるが、それについては、『City, Culture and Society』3－1（2012年）の大阪の都市史特集に掲載された以下の諸論考を参照していただきたい。

The Urban Social History of Osaka: A Study Focusing on the Lifeworld of the Urban Masses
1.Introduction  The Urban History of Osaka (Takashi Tsukada)
2.Recovering Japan’s Urban Past: Yoshida Nobuyuki, Tsukada Takashi, and the Cities of theTokugawa period (Daniel Botsman)
3.The City of Osaka in the Medieval Period: Religion and the Transportation of Goods in the Uemachi Plateau (Hiroshi Niki)
4.The People Connected with Vegetable Markets (Shigeru Yagi)
5.Stevedores and Stevedores’ Guilds (Tōru Morishita)
6.Town Carpenters and Carpenters’ Groups in Osaka (Naoki Tani)
7.Construction Workers’ Guilds in Early Modern Osaka (Yoshiyuki Taketani)
8.The Traditional City of Osaka and Performers (Yutsuki Kanda)
9.The Hinin and City Neighborhoods of Nineteenth-Century Osaka (Takashi Tsukada)
10.Urban Lower-Class Society in Modern Osaka (Ashita Saga)
11.Poverty, Disease, and Urban Governance in Late Nineteenth-Century Osaka (John Porter)
12.Progressivism Personified: Urban Social Policymaking in Modern Osaka (Jeffrey Hanes)